How is flood insurance typically obtained?

Flood insurance in the US is obtained primarily through the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP), administered by FEMA. NFIP policies are sold through participating private insurers but underwritten by the federal government. NFIP offers up to $250,000 building coverage and $100,000 contents for residential properties (higher limits for commercial). Premium depends on flood zone and elevation. A 30-day waiting period applies between purchase and effective date. Private flood insurance is increasingly available as an alternative, sometimes with higher limits, broader coverage, or competitive premiums for low-risk properties. Flood insurance is required by federally-regulated lenders for properties in Special Flood Hazard Areas (SFHAs). Many homeowners outside SFHAs are still at flood risk and benefit from coverage; about 25% of NFIP claims come from outside high-risk areas.