A parent is concerned that her 4-year-old still has occasional nighttime bedwetting. What is the MOST appropriate response?

NOCTURNAL ENURESIS (bedwetting) is very common in young children. Expected timeline for toilet training: DAYTIME DRYNESS — most children achieve by ages 2-3; NIGHTTIME DRYNESS — typically not expected until ages 5-6; NORMAL VARIATION — many children are not consistently dry at night until age 6-7; approximately 15-20% of 5-year-olds and 5% of 10-year-olds still have occasional bedwetting. PRIMARY NOCTURNAL ENURESIS refers to children who have NEVER achieved consistent nighttime dryness; this is distinct from secondary enuresis (a child who was dry for 6+ months and then begins wetting again — which warrants evaluation for: UTI, stress, new sibling, school change, sexual abuse, diabetes). EVALUATION IS WARRANTED if: age 5+ with frequent wetting; daytime wetting; painful urination; polydipsia/polyuria (possible diabetes); symptoms of UTI; recurrence after 6 months of dryness. NURSING GUIDANCE: reassure parents that bedwetting is DEVELOPMENTALLY NORMAL at age 4; avoid punishment or shame (worsens problem and disrupts development); avoid restricting ALL fluids but reduce fluids 1-2 hours before bed; encourage voiding before sleep; use waterproof mattress cover; reward for dry nights (positive reinforcement) but do not punish for wet nights; most children outgrow it without intervention; moisture alarms and desmopressin (DDAVP) are options for persistent enuresis at age 7+. PN ROLE: reassure parents; teach developmental expectations; screen for signs that warrant referral.