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A
Mercury, Mars, Venus, Earth, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune
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B
Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune
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C
Venus, Mercury, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune, Uranus
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D
Earth, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune
Why this is the answer
Order from Sun: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune. Mnemonics: 'My Very Educated Mother Just Served Us Noodles' (replacing 'Nachos' since Pluto's reclassification). Pluto was reclassified as a dwarf planet in 2006. Planet categories: (1) Terrestrial (inner, rocky): Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars — smaller, rocky surface, fewer or no moons, no rings; (2) Gas giants: Jupiter, Saturn — large, mostly hydrogen and helium, many moons, rings (Saturn most prominent); (3) Ice giants: Uranus, Neptune — large but smaller than gas giants, contain water/ammonia/methane ices, also have rings and many moons. Asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. Kuiper belt beyond Neptune (where Pluto resides). Key planet facts: Mercury — smallest, closest to Sun, extreme temperatures; Venus — hottest (runaway greenhouse), backwards rotation, brightest planet; Earth — only known life, liquid water; Mars — red from iron oxide, evidence of past water; Jupiter — largest, Great Red Spot, 95 moons; Saturn — most prominent rings, second largest, 146 moons; Uranus — tilted on side, rotates 'sideways'; Neptune — windiest, blue from methane. Sun is a yellow dwarf star; solar system formed ~4.6 billion years ago.
Source: ASVAB Science — Solar System