If the volume of liquid in a tank doubles its temperature increase, what is the implication for loading?

Loading cold cargo that will warm during transport means the liquid will expand. Insufficient outage in this case can over-pressurize the tank or force liquid through pressure relief valves at the warmest point of the trip. A tank loaded in cool morning air at 50°F that arrives at a hot afternoon destination at 100°F sees its cargo expand by approximately 5%. Outage requirements for petroleum products typically account for typical temperature swings, but drivers should be aware that loading conditions versus delivery conditions matter. Hot loaded cargo that cools during transport has the opposite issue: it can create vacuum in the tank if the vent does not work properly, which can collapse the tank shell.