NCLEX · Substance Use and Dependencies

A client in the emergency department is suspected of acute alcohol intoxication. Which finding would MOST concern the nurse?

Correct answer

Blood alcohol level 0.40% with respiratory rate of 8 breaths/min and unconsciousness — signs of potentially fatal alcohol poisoning

  1. A Slurred speech and relaxed appearance
  2. B Blood alcohol level 0.40% with respiratory rate of 8 breaths/min and unconsciousness — signs of potentially fatal alcohol poisoning
  3. C Odor of alcohol on breath
  4. D Mild euphoria and disinhibition

Why this is the answer

ALCOHOL POISONING (severe acute alcohol intoxication) is a medical emergency. A blood alcohol level of 0.40% with unconsciousness and respiratory rate of 8 breaths/min indicates LIFE-THREATENING CNS and RESPIRATORY DEPRESSION. Blood alcohol reference points: 0.02-0.05% — mild euphoria, relaxation; 0.05-0.10% — impaired judgment, coordination; 0.10-0.20% — obvious intoxication, slurred speech, unsteady gait; 0.20-0.30% — marked impairment, possible blackout, vomiting with risk of aspiration; 0.30-0.40% — stupor, loss of consciousness; ≥0.40% — potentially FATAL — respiratory depression, coma, death. MANAGEMENT of severe intoxication: ensure AIRWAY patency (aspiration risk if vomiting while unconscious); support BREATHING (supplemental oxygen, possible intubation); IV ACCESS; MONITOR: vital signs, blood alcohol level, glucose (alcohol causes hypoglycemia), electrolytes; THIAMINE (vitamin B1) before any glucose to prevent Wernicke's encephalopathy; position LATERAL RECOVERY POSITION if unconscious to reduce aspiration risk; DO NOT induce vomiting; observe for HYPOGLYCEMIA, HYPOTHERMIA (alcohol dilates vessels, increases heat loss); admit to ICU if severe. There is NO antidote for alcohol — treatment is SUPPORTIVE. NALOXONE (Narcan) reverses OPIOID overdose, NOT alcohol — a common misconception. LESSER SIGNS (options A, C, D) represent mild to moderate intoxication — concerning but not immediately life-threatening; still requires monitoring, especially for aspiration and injury.
Source: NCLEX-PN Test Plan: Psychosocial — Substance Use, Alcohol