NCLEX · Substance Use and Dependencies

A client in the emergency department is suspected of acute alcohol intoxication. Which finding would MOST concern the nurse?

Correct answer

Blood alcohol level 0.40% with respiratory rate of 8 breaths/min and unconsciousness — signs of potentially fatal alcohol poisoning

  1. A Slurred speech and relaxed appearance
  2. B Blood alcohol level 0.40% with respiratory rate of 8 breaths/min and unconsciousness — signs of potentially fatal alcohol poisoning
  3. C Odor of alcohol on breath
  4. D Mild euphoria and disinhibition

Why this is the answer

ALCOHOL POISONING (severe acute alcohol intoxication) is a medical emergency. A blood alcohol level of 0.40% with unconsciousness and respiratory rate of 8 breaths/min indicates LIFE-THREATENING CNS and RESPIRATORY DEPRESSION. Blood alcohol reference points: 0.02-0.05% — mild euphoria, relaxation; 0.05-0.10% — impaired judgment, coordination; 0.10-0.20% — obvious intoxication, slurred speech, unsteady gait; 0.20-0.30% — marked impairment, possible blackout, vomiting with risk of aspiration; 0.30-0.40% — stupor, loss of consciousness; ≥0.40% — potentially FATAL — respiratory depression, coma, death. MANAGEMENT of severe intoxication: ensure AIRWAY patency (aspiration risk if vomiting while unconscious); support BREATHING (supplemental oxygen, possible intubation); IV ACCESS;

Monitor: vital signs, blood alcohol level, glucose (alcohol causes hypoglycemia), electrolytes; THIAMINE (vitamin B1) before any glucose to prevent Wernicke's encephalopathy; position LATERAL RECOVERY POSITION if unconscious to reduce aspiration risk; DO NOT induce vomiting; observe for HYPOGLYCEMIA, HYPOTHERMIA (alcohol dilates vessels, increases heat loss); admit to ICU if severe. There is NO antidote for alcohol — treatment is SUPPORTIVE. NALOXONE (Narcan) reverses OPIOID overdose, NOT alcohol — a common misconception. LESSER SIGNS (options A, C, D) represent mild to moderate intoxication — concerning but not immediately life-threatening; still requires monitoring, especially for aspiration and injury.

Source: NCLEX-PN Test Plan: Psychosocial — Substance Use, Alcohol

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About this topic: Substance Use and Dependencies

Substance use questions cover signs of intoxication and withdrawal for alcohol, opioids, stimulants and sedatives, the priority of safety during withdrawal, and the therapeutic approach to dependency. This is one of 8 PN: Psychosocial Integrity questions on substance use and dependencies, each with a full explanation on a single study page.

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