What teaching points should a nurse include for a client newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes?

Diabetes self-management education is comprehensive and ongoing. Core teaching: (1) Disease overview — type 2 diabetes is insulin resistance plus relative insulin deficiency; can be progressive but well-managed; (2) Blood glucose monitoring — proper meter use, when to check (fasting, before meals, 2 hours after meals, bedtime — depending on regimen), recording, target ranges (typically fasting <130, post-prandial <180, A1C <7%); (3) Hypoglycemia — symptoms (shakiness, sweating, hunger, confusion), Rule of 15 (15g fast carb, recheck in 15 min, repeat if needed, then complex carb), prevention; (4) Hyperglycemia — symptoms (polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, blurred vision), when to call (consistently >300, ketones, unable to keep fluids down), DKA/HHS warning signs; (5) Medications — names, doses, timing, side effects, sick day rules (continue insulin, may need to hold metformin); (6) Nutrition — carb counting, balanced meals, portion control, consistent meal timing, alcohol effects, sugar substitutes; (7) Exercise — benefits, blood glucose effects, hypoglycemia prevention during exercise; (8) Foot care — daily inspection, moisturizing (not between toes), nail care, professional pedicures avoid, proper footwear, never barefoot, immediate attention to wounds; (9) Skin care — overall hygiene, treat infections promptly; (10) Eye care — annual dilated exam; (11) Dental care — twice yearly visits; diabetes affects gum health; (12) Travel preparation; (13) Identification — medical alert jewelry or wallet card; (14) Pregnancy planning if applicable; (15) Sick day management; (16) Mental health — diabetes burden, depression screening. Group classes, diabetes educators, ongoing dietitian visits support success.