A nurse is caring for a client with active pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). Which type of transmission-based precautions are required?

TRANSMISSION-BASED PRECAUTIONS are used in addition to standard precautions for clients with known or suspected specific infectious diseases. THREE TYPES based on route of transmission: (1) CONTACT PRECAUTIONS: for diseases spread by direct or indirect contact (touching the patient or contaminated surfaces); examples: MRSA, C. difficile, VRE, wound infections, scabies, head lice; PPE: GLOVES and GOWN on entry; (2) DROPLET PRECAUTIONS: for diseases spread by large droplets (>5 microns) produced by talking, coughing, sneezing — travel ≤3 feet; examples: influenza, pertussis, meningococcal disease, group A strep, mumps, rubella; PPE: SURGICAL MASK on entry; private room or cohorting; (3) AIRBORNE PRECAUTIONS: for diseases spread by SMALL particles (<5 microns) that remain suspended in air and travel longer distances; examples: TUBERCULOSIS (TB), VARICELLA (chickenpox), MEASLES (rubeola), SARS, MERS, COVID-19 (enhanced); PPE: N95 RESPIRATOR (or higher, like PAPR) — must be fit-tested; NEGATIVE PRESSURE ROOM (AIIR — airborne infection isolation room) — air flows INTO the room (door kept closed) and is exhausted outside or HEPA filtered; door must remain closed; patient must wear surgical mask if transported through hallways. PN NURSING RESPONSIBILITIES: apply and remove PPE correctly (donning: gown, mask/respirator, eye protection, gloves; doffing: gloves, eye protection, gown, mask last); perform hand hygiene before and after; maintain isolation room requirements; educate the client about isolation; reinforce respiratory hygiene. DISTINGUISH: N95 RESPIRATOR (airborne — filters 95% of airborne particles; requires fit-testing) vs. SURGICAL MASK (droplet — larger particles; no fit-test required).