NCLEX · General

A client receiving a blood transfusion reports sudden onset of lower back pain, chills, and feeling flushed 15 minutes into the transfusion. What is the FIRST nursing action?

Correct answer

Stop the transfusion immediately — these symptoms indicate a potential acute haemolytic transfusion reaction (ABO incompatibility), which is life-threatening; stopping the transfusion is the absolute first action; do not remove the IV

  1. A Slow the transfusion rate
  2. B Stop the transfusion immediately — these symptoms indicate a potential acute haemolytic transfusion reaction (ABO incompatibility), which is life-threatening; stopping the transfusion is the absolute first action; do not remove the IV
  3. C Call the blood bank first
  4. D Administer diphenhydramine and continue

Why this is the answer

ACUTE HAEMOLYTIC TRANSFUSION REACTION (AHTR): MECHANISM: ABO incompatibility — transfused red cells are destroyed by recipient's antibodies; severe inflammatory cascade; SYMPTOMS: Lower back pain (classic — renal pain from haemoglobinuria); fever/chills; flushing; hypotension; haematuria; LIFE-THREATENING: Can cause acute renal failure, DIC, shock, and death; IMMEDIATE RESPONSE: STOP the transfusion FIRST — every additional millilitre of incompatible blood worsens the reaction; keep IV line patent (NS); notify RN and blood bank immediately; vital signs; obtain urine specimen; keep blood bag and tubing for blood bank analysis; return blood unit to blood bank; anticipate: IV fluids (maintain renal perfusion); diuretics; vasopressors if needed; CONTRAST WITH FEBRILE NON-HAEMOLYTIC REACTION: Just fever and chills without back pain/haematuria — less serious; COMPARE WITH ALLERGIC: Urticaria/hives — slow or stop transfusion, give diphenhydramine, may restart; ANAPHYLAXIS: Airway symptoms — stop permanently, epinephrine; KEY: ANY symptomatic blood reaction = STOP transfusion FIRST.
Source: NCLEX-PN Safe Care — Blood Transfusion, Haemolytic Reaction Response